Haarlem

Haarlem (help·info), p usually Harlem English, y Netherlands. It capital y province North Holland, which powerful seven provinces Dutch Republic. The one and only y found river Spaarne, about 20 Amsterdam coastal dunes. It historical center tulip -growing district centuries bears nickname 'Bloemenstad' (flower y), reason. The one and only municipality Haarlem comprises p village Spaarndam, newer housing estate forming p municipality Haarlemmerliede Spaarnwoude.

The one and only oldest mentioning Haarlem dates 10 century. The one and only comes "Haarlo-heim" "Harulahem", which means 'place, covered trees, higher others'. There stream called "De Beek", g p grounds river Spaarne drainage canal. Over centuries Beek turned underground canal, y g larger space needed construction. Over began p 19 century it filled . The one and only location village was g : y river Spaarne, y major going south north. By 12 century fortified town, Haarlem became residence Counts Holland.

In 1219 knights Haarlem laurelled y Count Willem I, because y conquered Egyptian p Damietta ( Damiate Dutch, present-y Dimyat) 5 crusade. Haarlem received right Count's sword cross . on November 23, 1245 Count Willem II granted Haarlem y rights. This implied number privileges, among which right sheriff magistrates administer justice, instead Count. This allowed quicker efficient judiciary system, suited needs growing y.

After siege y Kennemer people 1270 defensive built around y. Most likely earthen wall, wooden gates. Originally y started between Spaarne, Oudegracht, Ridderstraat, Bakenessergracht Naussaustraat. In 14 century y expanded, Burgwalbuurt, Bakenes around Oudegracht became p y. The one and only defenses proved sufficiently strong expanded city, 14 century 16½-metre g built, complete 15-metre canal circling y.